Society of the Upper Palaeolithic Europe-Gravettian

I want to present you complexity of communities that lived in the Gravettian period (Europe).

Introduction

The theme of this paper are upper Palaeolithic societies with the special emphasis on the Gravettian period, primarily because in the Garavettian period on the "entire" Europen area appear (come) communities that are characterized by the formalized (ritual) burials, settlements that were occupied almost the entire year and in which we see a clear division of space and use as well as the beginnings of the mass production of ceramics in order to produce "ritual" ceramic figurines.
I decided for the next division.
The base of this paper will be Gravettian burials from Moravia (E. Trinkaus and J. Jelinek, 1997) and Italy (Mussi 2001), as well as some "special" burials, such as the triple burial of Dolní Věstonice (Gamble, 1999) or burial in Sungiru (AP and F. Vincenzo Buzhilova, 2004).

Chronological / geographical background

In the following pages I'll talk about Moravian sites, so I bring here the chronology of that area. (Fig. 2).

Figure 1: Chronology of Pavlovian / Gravettian

Before that, I'll just briefly explain the "importance" of Central Europe during the Upper Paleolithic.
Upper Paleolithic Period was the period when the strategy and the importance of central Europe changed since the previous period. The reason, probably is that it says Svoboda in the cultural geography of Europe that is changing, as a counterweight of the traditional franko cantabrian centers of Western Europe appear new and important cultural areas formed in the plains of eastern Europe (KOSTENski, Sungir), creating a "continental balance" between East and West(Svoboda, 1997).This process culminated during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic Gravettian.Along the narrow corridors of Austria-Moravia, which was geographically predestined as a communications base, which unites the Danube valley from the plains of northern and eastern Europe, with whose streams hunter-gatherer communities built large settlements. Strategic role in this corridor are surely (had) passes ("gate") or the nearest river valley becomes narrow and steep coasts. A typical example of such Wachau door (pass) on the Danube with one of the most famous sites of this period is Willendorf.Narrow valleys also appear in Moravian area along the river, and certainly the most important example is Moravian gate that is the only natural passage between the Sudetenland and the Carpathian Basin, and thus important to control the annual migration of animals (primarily mammoths), which can be seen in the case of accommodation sites Předmostíand Petrkovice (Fig.2.

Figure 2: Sites of the Pavloviian period

As an important component of early gravettian in the Danube is Pavlovian (30 000-25 000 BP), which extends over the area of (corridor) Lower Austria, Moravia and southern Polish.Investigations so far show a discontinuity compared with the previous upper paleolithic strategies, or, more specifically in the case of settlements and their accommodation we can see that in this period settlements are located in the lowlands along the rivers.This strategy of building settlements is in complete contradiction with the previous period of the Aurignaciana where was preferred accommodation "settlements" (camps) at higher altitudes and was less dependent on Moravian rivers (Svoboda 2007).So as you can see from this we have the emergence of large settlements in the open positioned along river routes.It is important to emphasize that in the period of Pavlovian we can see an explosion of various ancillary activities not directly related to the different survival strategies (as n pr. Choice of location of settlements).T if for example we have the appearance of the burial ritual aspects of selected individuals.The variety of lithic materials is accompanied by a variety of industries such as bone include knowledge and use of needles for sewing. Art production at this stage of gravettian, their complexity is perhaps best demonstrates the production of human and animal figurines of pottery, which is a typical phenomenon associated with Pavlovian (Svoboda 2007).
The next phase in dividing Gravettiana in middle flow of the Danube is the Willendorfo - Kostenki phase that lasts 24000-20000 BP. This paper deals with the period middle Danube area becomes covered with a mesh upper Gravettianskih sites. Compared with Pavlovian consider the large and small proper distance between the sites with more emphasis on passings ("gate"), egWAchau doors, gates, Moravia, and expansion into new areas - especially the Carpathian Basin (Svoboda 2007).Art items are less complex compared with first period and for a diverse ensemble of Pavlovian art, mostly women have displays as well as figures from the Willendorf II, hematit Petrkovice figurines and ivory figure Moravany, and therefore sometimes refer to "isolated horizon of the Venuses." There can be only one burial in this period, which is the Brno 2 which differs from the wealth of accompanying burial objects from the previous period, this category-male figure of ivory (marionette), maristone disk and a whole host of smaller items.The next period will not be included within the scope of this paper is Epigravettian or Kasovian which runs from 20,000 to 15,000 BP (Gamble, 1999).

Villages

As I previously mentioned here I will present the settlements and their structure in the space of the middle Danube, and precise locations of Czech Pavlov and Dolní Věstonice primarily because of the good research that gives us a strong and good insight into the structure of the settlement (it's division, function, etc.) and therefore this gives us additional insight into the structure of the Gravettian society. The formation of large hunting locations is characterized by the appearance of the Pavlovian. The first characteristic of these large settlements in the open is just their size, which is not below 100 meters in diameter (Svoboda, 2007).ADDITIONAL feature is the large number of artifacts (ceramics) and cultural layers thick charred layers, which together indicate the complexity of the activities that took place here including different rituals and rich spiritual life which was certainly entangled (inseparable) to the real world that they were surrounded.We have two models that are each highly extreme and trying to explain the formation and duration of occupation of the site. P RVI includes the (proposed) a relatively large sedentary (permanently inhabited), "camps", while another model suggests that the accumulation phase stays were relatively short.In other words, two factors are included in the formation of localities: an intensive occupation on the one hand, and its duration on the other side (Svoboda, 2003).Large and complex sites with prolonged and intensive occupation and complexity of art and other symbolic productions are Dolní Vestonice I, Pavlov I and Predmostí I. In the context of life (use) the settlement are important to us and we have significant results from Predmostia, where preliminary results of the time occupation of sites on the basis of animal dental microstructures showed that large settlements were inhabited throughout the year while a smaller area to work in seasonal (spring-autumn) (Nývlt Fisakova, 2007).It is important to emphasize that the facilities (huts) that were built in the Pavlov had mamutovih structure of bone and wood, and that they therefore were aimed to last longer than just one season, that could handle (take) a whole lifetime of an individual (Gamble 1999, 401).Even if the settlement was relatively permanent and associated with limited hunting territory, the spring migration along the Moravian river flows are anticipated, which would be confirmed in a large number of lithic Materials, which has been imported from the north and east and accurately located radiolarite originating from Slovakia and Austria (Svoboda, 2007). The advantage of Pavlov site is that it was investigated by one person - Bohuslav Klima in a large extent, and by using one research strategy (Klima, 2005). Czech archaeologist Klima is based on the stratigraphic unit, found depressions that occur identified 13 "cottages" (Klima, 2005). Klima is a combined view of different character and values: the hearth, pits, large bone at the edges of objects and the concentration of artifacts.One of the results of the analysis indicate differences in the central and peripheral part of the settlement from the standpoint microstratigraphy, spacial characteristics and distribution of artifacts.For Verpoort, the central part of the site is only a record of the various phases of occupation.Bartosíková has located on the outskirts of "industrial (manufacturing) area" and so called. "Working Places" which are used for finished products; any case what is certain is that both forms (peripheral and central) spatial overlap (ie operate at the same time) (Svoboda, 2007).Musil has defined several areas of activity that took place within the settlement with regard to the faunal remains, along with their relation to individual residences and a higher level with the area within the settlement (Musil, 2005). How all this comes from the apparent complexity of the pattern of these settlements, it is certainly an article S. Mason (Mason, 1994) pointed out the interesting new elements that is consumption of plant foods that was found in II. Discovery of a large number of the grindstone at the site of Pavlov I (Svoboda, 2005) certainly re-opened the question of the use of heated vegetable food.This issue was originally spurred by the discovery of Dolní Vestonice II - what some interpreted as "baby food" for infants, because the plants were ground spice to porridge, if you would really serve to open it again the question of age groups that were present at the site.As further evidence of children presence is analysis (revealed) of children's fingerprints in someceramic objects from m Pavlov. What we found out Pavlov's analysis of the grindstone and that in most cases used to obtain (crumbling) pimenata paint. In a story about society and it's complexity this is certainly a significant fact because it shows a significant production of pigments for coloring, which are again related to the complexity and symbolic expression of these communities.It is important to point out that at the very heartland of cases, sites that are from the Middle Paleolithic, such as site Mauran which dates back to about 33,000 before present even the most ordinary homes are missing.

The most typical phenomenon associated with a period Pavloviana found in neighborhoods where it is produced is "serial" production of ceramic products for human and animal figures (Fig.3.

Figure 3: anthropomorphic ceramic figurines - Pavlovian period

Paleolithic "ceramics" is known from nine localities in central Europe (Fig. 4). Most of the localities with pottery finds is located in southern Moravia, and most of the localities, Dolní Věstonice I, Pavlov I (Soffer, 1957).It is important to emphasize that the pottery klin at Dolní Vestonice and found 70 meters from the main concentration of artifacts, while in Pavlov's it was located in the middle of the site.Around some homes in Pavlov are recorded findings of the broken figurines, which can be defined as a ritual activity (Soffer, 1993).

Figure 4: Distribution of Pavlovian ceramics

Human burials (which I will talk about in the next chapter) and ceramic production suggest that these sites were centers of activities related to ritual, information storage and transmission of the symbols, decorate their bodies and ritually bury in the grave.Traces of symbolism concentrated particularly around Dolní Vestonice Pavlov and place them on top hierarchy of the site not only quantitative basis-as a result of the size and scope of excavated materials, but also qualitatively as a place of special activities (Svoboda, 2007).

Graves (burials)

Given the abundance, state of preservation, richness and diversity of the grave goods, burials from the Upper Paleolithic period (28000-10000) are an important source of information for the ideological aspect that has "produced" the burial rituals of these communities.
While the variety of grave goods, and general use of red ocher, and most obvious emphasized composing the archaeological evidence, the analysis of human remains themselves can add important evidence (some puzzles) social organization and concepts of life and death of these populations.
Unlike a chapter on settlements in which I perceived complexity of the Upper Paleolithic communities middle of the Danube, this chapter will be included in the central area of the Danube and the north of Italy and Sungir. I'll indicate the common features of these burials is and what we as age structure of the buried individuals about the society that they were buried.

Another aspect of this unuutar are certainly multiple burials, which on the one hand, they must be the result paralenog event (time-separated subsequent burial), but due to schedule bones and grave goods probably were not separated in time (for example, the maximum time when the tissue is still held bone, which may "subsequent" burial could not interfere).
What we are here primarily interested in the Gravettienski multiple burials that show certain common features that include several deformed (pathological) individuals. These cases found in children from multiple burial Sungira, triple burial from Dolni Vestonica but the burial into a dwarf from Romita cave that dates back to a much later period (11 000 pr.Kr.) Alii it in the context of this valuable and interesting to mention.
When looked at in general, usual reason for a multiple burial could be some form of accident or an epidemic, but take into account their number-the number of young people and different genders in the same grave somehow naturally raises the question whether this is a some form of (practice) sacrifice.All of this raises new questions about the ideas that shaped burial rituals of the Upper Paleolithic societies, which are automatically reflected on the social organization and concept of life and death, and perceptions of diversity and links with magical religious beliefs (Formicola, 2007).N {unfortunately behaviour does not fosilize-
If we mention Binford's position that burial is the practice that emphasizes the sex or age, and status was obtained on the basis of personal qualities and achievements, and sometimes the circumstances of death is typical of the egalitarian hunter-gatherer groups.Rich burial is thus for him an expression of high status obtained due to the ability of individuals to perform activities that are important to the survival of the group (eg, hunting) then it is hard to imagine this kind of motivation during the burial of children in Sungiru where they spent thousands of hours to create decorations ( grave goods).Given the amount of invested work imposes us to question the degree of social complexity that you have reached this gravettianske population, which is again seen (confirmed) and Dolni Vestonice. It is interesting that the only example of the latter (proof) of multiple burials in which there is abnormal individuals occurs in the late Neolithic Italy's top burn (Epigravettian).It is a dwarf from Ramito cave in Calabria, which is dated 11 500 BP let alibrirano.Romito cave was probably used in ritual purposes, and the skeleton of an adolescent (a dwarf), about 17 years of age lay the skeleton of a female who is not sure whether you are in any robinskoj relationship, Among others were covered with stone slabs engraved with a beautiful bull.What is with this burial definitely sure about is that individuals arose could not be "normal" work in any conditions imposed by hunting gatherers' way of life (problems / impossible to walk the long run) and one must certainly take care of him and was buried in cave reveals centennial use in ritual purposes (Mussi 2001).What we do not know if he had a special burial despite the dwarf or precisely because the dwarf (fear. ..). All three of these examples are further common features and that is to include a pathological individual, all multiple and all probably have represented both sexes (the problem of secondary sex individuals from Dolni Vestonica.
It is important to emphasize that the anomaly (except for a dwarf who is later) were much more visible while the individuals were living, but the skeletal remains because they are associated with anomalies of soft tissues (Formicola 2007).

Burials of children
Within gravettian burials fetuses and infants are represented as a percentage of only 9% of all burials, which was significantly less than 26% as represented in the Middle Paleolithic period.What's more is that the amount of 9% applies to only 6 individuals and Cro-Magnon 5, 36 and Dolni Vestonice Predmosti 6, 11, 12 and 13It is questionable whether "there" with the 1st AND 2ND Sites actually belong to burials. Cro-Magnon 5 could easily be later in possible association with his mother - Cro-Magnon 2 and was buried with her, as opposed to any individual burials of fetuses have documented in the Middle Paleolithic sites with teak La Ferrassie 5thNewborns from the site of Dolni Vestonice 36 is not a skeleton but a teeth that have been identified among the faunal remains. Regarding burial sites Predmosti as "intention" is questionable since it is found in "mass grave" with 18 individuals - that are linked to simultaneous death that was probably caused by a tragedy which requires their burial in the extreme (unusual) situation ( Zilhão, 2003).All this would therefore suggest that infants were not at all buried in the Gravettian period.
Further implications of this would lead to the conclusion that the gravettian populations didn't bury fetuses and infants, perhaps because they felt that an individual (individuals) as an independent ("recognized"-ie "worth" of burial) only after it became independent, in terms of sustainability , from his mother (Zilhão 2003).This is well reflected in the case of multiple burials, adults with adult-Cussac, Dolni Vestonice, Venus Parabitta, adults with adolescent-Barma Grande, Fanciulli or adolescent with a child-Sungir, but never a child is not pokaopano in combination with adult individuals.
Further implications of all this would be that after the cessation of breast-feeding and early food consumption that is not breast milk become "persons" but still not in the true sense with all the rights and obligations that will receive only lasko puberty (adolescents).This again izčitavamo again from the grave because there is no segregation of adolescent and adult individual (for example, we can see from the above examples of double burial).Such a practice can not be seen again in the Middle Paleolithic (La feras-infant children and adults) that there is no evidence that would indicate this kind of segregation, which would indicate that such a practice (usage) occurs only after 35 000 BP, although we must leave open mogućnohst that such divisions existed before gravetijena but does not see the remains preserved as a manifestation of culture matrijalne (Zilhão 2003).A good example is Nazlet Khater 1a, 1b and 2, 1a, which dates back to about 37,500 (probably the use of fire during the burial), 1b are probably the bones of newborn fetuses that are also found in a burial pit next to pelvic adults, probably the mother.V jerojatno they both died during childbirth / as a result of perinatal complications.Nazlet Khater 2 is a robust adult inidvidua which was found next to those in the second burial pit with an ax by his head which was found that the mining tool as is found in a nearby mine in the Upper Paleolithic Nazlet Khater 4 (Vermeersch 2002).

Burials zi Krems-Wachtberg we show that the newborn child was considered full members of the hunting community before 27 000 years.These findings not only to encourage a new discussion gravettienskom ritual behavior but also increase the small sample of the upper Paleolithic finds skeleton in Austria and we add new data to our understanding of the processes involved in the development of individual early modern humans (Bacvarov, 2008).Burial 1je found 2005th and is known as the burial of twins while the burial number 2 with jedom individuals found near the first burial 2006th What is important to emphasize that despite the discovery of burials of children from Krems (about 27,000) it is still not in association with adult idividuom, although they apparently dug in a formalized ritual, had grave goods were covered mamutovom spatula and a number of burial adult individuals with Moravske sites and were painted with red ocher.On top of all that is essential činjenoca to have been buried in the layer formation of settlements, which further complicates understanding of images Gravettianskog society.

"Other" burials
For now, he found 16 gravettian burials in Italy with 20 adult / adolescent individuals and one fetus (newborn) (Figure 5).

Picture No. 5: burials in the area of Italy in the Gravettian period

Several of these have radiocarbon dating of burials and the others were dated using the corresponding lithic Materials 25-22 (20) kya before the present.
Lack of infants and predominance of men can be explained by the social (social) selection.The discovery of a newborn from S. Maria di Agnano with an adult woman, dated around 24 500, suggesting that poor preservation takih (small children) costs is a key factor for the lack of such graves.In this context it is also interesting to note the suggestion Margherita Mussi is the extreme height of some individuals from the Grimaldi caves also can not be accidental, or the height of men in the range of 180-190 cm in height, while women are lower.It seems therefore that the very viskoki men were elected to ceromonijalne burials in caves in contrast to the rest of the population (Mussi 2001).
Most of the burials from the Italian gravettian have the same characteristics in Apulia and Liguria.Most are single burials, the only exceptions are burying a mother with a child from Maria di Argan, where they both died shortly before or after birth, we also have two double and one triple burial.The range of years (except infants) can range from 12-14 years to no date certain age, while most male burials. Not found individuals who would be younger than 12 years, even when taking into account the finding is isolated bones were probably from disturbed burial (Mussi 2001).
We have a minimum of 10 adult men, according to new results of the number of women increased from one to three. Number of adolescents, six of which were three males and three females (Mussi 1989).Content of their grave is the same as in the graves of adults, and individuals were also buried in the same position. The only exception is the burial of an adolescent from Baousso to Torre, who was found in the unusual position of facing the country without the accompanying annexes.
Contributions containing burials are ornaments of a personal nature, such as necklaces, bracelets or hats, which are made of pierced marine shells and cervid canines, sometimes with the addition of perforated (perforated) fish vertebrae, and bone or ivory objects.We also tend to be accompanied by a bone or stone tools, unusual size or typology, and ocher is also almost always present.Burial pits were identified in 6 / 7 cases, and the wall of the cave. Were buried in a stretched position, and the only exception is Double burials from the Grotte dei Fanciulli who was the youngest of interest herein.Stones are found in association with 8 of the skeleton. It seems that this was intended to protect the head and legs, that it reserves part of the body or that it only covers (Musssi, 2001).
In the next few sentences will be given the reason for the selection of a small segment of the prehistoric populations of the complex and formalized in the burial caves. Age and gender were certainly important, given that the selected adolescents and adults, and men were preferred.

Within populations of hunter-gatherers adolescents and men are assumed active hunters. The importance of the status of having a hunter is so pronounced / emphasized in the burials.It is important to emphasize that be excluded that the women were involved in similar activities (hunting), at least during part of their lives - especially after a few adolescent girls get the same treatment (burial prominence) as well as men.In this context it is important to emphasize observations Constandse-Westermann (1984), which says that prehistoric women did not bore children before his approximately 19 years of life, while Churchill (2000) highlights the asymmetry of the upper limbs of female gravettianskih within a population that is far above the (higher) than those of modern populations.This would suggest that women are regularly involved in the same activities as men, including activities such as throwing spears, etc.

The social importance of hunting may be best reflected in the burial of Gr.Delle Arene Candide known as the "Prince" because of the rich grave goods.He missed part of the mandible that was "mended" yellowocher, which was in direct contact with broken bones, as if zalječi smtosnosnu injury is certainly a cause of death in young and robust individuals (Caridni 1942).It was determined that fractures heal actually began before the death (Mussi 1989). Obviously it was an injury during the hunt.

The physical characteristics of individuals are certainly played an important role: as already mentioned high, men and adolescents were eligible for burial.In this context it is important to mention evil of unknown origin that led to the imminent death of three individuals buried in the Barma Grande in the burial pit and two robust men say so promising (adolescents) that girls had to have a traumatic effect on a small group of people.

According to Binford (1971) burial practice that emphasizes sex and age and status was obtained on the basis of personal qualities and podostignuća, and sometimes the circumstances of death is typical of the egalitarian hunter-gatherer groups.Rich burial is thus for him an expression of high status obtained due to their ability to perform activities that are important to the survival of the group (eg, hunting).
On the other hand, the earliest burials, such as double from Gr. Dei Fanciulli iii Paglicci layer 21d are limited grave goods.The youngsters such as "The Prince" and is closely associated burial of Barma Grandes richly endowed with unusual tools and elaborate Ornaments - which leads to the increase in grave goods and their quality according to the younger period.

It is also noted for bint very similar features found in Liguria and Apulia - which are located within 700 km air line and further considering that they shared a high mountain range - which would indicate that the communication must have existed over long distances.

Burials "shaman"

Here I emphasize teću type of burial or burials of individuals who are accompanied by bogaitm and interesting burial inventory.The so-called burial Brno 2 is tomb of a man found 189.1 odrlaslog cover with Lesi and what stands out significantly from any known locality, which is quite surprising given the well researched this area and that all "special" graves, such asDolni Vestonice, Sungir within the village.The skeleton was covered with red ocher and was covered mamutovom spatula, had a mammoth tusks (1.5-2m)and also to the grave from nalizimo Sungira.He had the whole ansambal animal findings and thus found: rebra of rhinoceroses and mammoths, rhinoceroses, and the skull of a young ocher voidable horse teeth and more than (Dentalium badense) 600 shells, which were interpreted as an ornament for the head and the nearest coast was then only about 100 km.He also had two perforated slate disc and 14 smaller than hematite. But most was the discovery of the so-called "puppets" - the only figure that was found in Gravettianskim burials. It is also possible in connection with the "performance / play" is a polished Jelenov deadline - stick drums. Several things can suugerirati that this is a special burial / shaman. Topographic located far from the village, which is unusual in the context of Moravia. It is also important / interesting to have been chronically ill that he may have given to be socially recognized as a shaman (Vancata, 1963).
Comparing the Paviland burial caves in Wales (Aldhouse-Green, 2000), which is also self-burial of a man, but in the cave, we come up with some similarities. In addition dug grave was found the skull of a young mammoth while in the grave Brno two skulls found in a young rhinoceros. Both have a large amount of perforated shell, although in either case, the seaside is not closer than 100 km.
From all this we can see that there are some common characteristics of "special" burial period gravettiana although significant geographical distance.

Reference List

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